The new Katangese state did not enjoy full support throughout the province and was constantly plagued by ethnic strife in its northernmost region. [4] The King's maneuver failed when the man he designated to serve as Foreign Minister in the new government, Paul-Henri Spaak, declined to take part.[4]. The Shinkolobwe mine near Jadotville (now Likasi) was at the centre of the Manhattan Project. The eastern part of the province is considered to be a rich mining region, which supplies cobalt, copper, tin, radium, uranium, and diamonds. Altogether, about 300 of those captured were expelled from Congo, although several of the mercenaries later returned. [13] The head of the mission was Michel Struelens, an "urbane and soft-spoken" Belgian who had previously been in charge of promoting tourism to Belgian Congo. [4] In turn, the largest shareholder in the Comité Spécial de Katanga was the Belgian state. The two decided to fly to Katanga to examine the situation themselves. Les habitants utilisaient à côté du troc des croisettes de cuivre comme monnaie depuis le Xe siècle. Les échanges se faisaient à dos d'hommes d'un village à l'autre. Avec une population avoisinant les 2,5 millions habitants, le Lualaba a une densité de 21 Hab/km ². Voies d’accès et distance par rapport à la capitale du pays. [23][24][25] Hammarskjöld's death set off a succession crisis at the United Nations,[26] as there was no line of succession and the Security Council had to vote on a successor. The Congolese government and the Eastern Bloc also voiced their dissent. La fonte du cuivre était réservée à une secte masculine appelée « les mangeurs de cuivre ». [2] The gendarmerie was staffed with Belgian officers who were, in effect, seconded to Tshombe as military advisers. It became clear that he was running desperately short of time. This resolution demanded the expulsion from the Congo of all Belgian troops and foreign mercenaries but did not explicitly mandate the UN to conduct offensive operations. [citation needed], In August and September, the UN conducted two operations to arrest and repatriate mercenary soldiers and the Belgian political advisers from Katanga by military force, deeming that such foreigners were the backbone behind the regime. He flew to Luluabourg and informed Lumumba and President Joseph Kasa-Vubu of the secession. The United Nations provided assistance in reuniting divided economic and administrative divisions. [8] This view was generally strengthened with President Tshombe himself as time advanced, especially with increasingly vocal demands from Léopoldville that the UN use their military advantage to forcibly remove his regime from power. However, many sources on location claimed that UN personnel initiated and maintained a high degree of violence and were both overtly and indirectly responsible for hundreds if not even thousands of civilian deaths. La Province du Haut-Katanga est limitée - Au Nord par l’Est de la Province du Haut-Lomami et le Sud de la Province de la Tanganyika - A l’Est par la République de Zambie - Au Sud par la République de Zambie où on retrouve la Rivière Lualaba The local provincial budget was US$440 million in 2011. Despite the resolution, during the next six months, the UN undertook no major military operations, concentrating instead on facilitating several rounds of political negotiations. Le Katanga partage avec trois pays la frontière de la RDC : l'Angola au sud-ouest, la Zambie au sud et au sud-est et la Tanzanie à l'est. [réf. [4] The Foreign Minister, Pierre Wigny, knowing that the United States was opposed to breaking up the Congo, was against recognizing Katanga. Katanga a été l' un des onze provinces de la République démocratique du Congo entre 1966 et 2015, quand il a été divisé dans le Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba et du Haut-Katanga provinces. These figures were exaggerated. The Afia (Don Bosco) and Vie & Santé hospitals are among the best-equipped and staffed. Passed on 22 July, Security Council Resolution 145 affirmed that Congo should be a unitary state and strengthened the call for Belgium to withdraw its forces. Sa superficie était de 497 000 km2, soit environ la taille de l'Espagne. [citation needed]. White Katangese especially resented this action by the UN. As 1962 drew to a close, the United Nations gradually increased its operational strength in Katanga, with Thant considering ever more seriously the option of forcibly ending Tshombe's secession. At least a hundred local students, many of them European, subsequently protested at the United States consulate. Tshombe openly declared in a speech that month that he would defend Katanga's rights as a sovereign state and would do everything to maintain this status quo even in the face of all opposition. [4] Wigny feared a repeat of the Suez crisis of 1956 when Britain, France and Israel were all humiliated when the United States opposed their attack on Egypt with the Congo playing the role of Egypt and Belgium the role of the nations that attacked Egypt. On 11 September, the UNF further demanded that all foreigners serving as police officers in Katanga be expelled, but the president did not comply. [4] In January 1959, it was announced that Belgium would grant independence to the Congo in June 1960. Tshombe subsequently signed a pledge to reunite Katanga with the rest of the nation, and was released accordingly. Several thousand civilian residents promptly demonstrated against this unilateral action. Within three days, Élisabethville was under UN control. When the Katangese populace celebrated the anniversary of their independence, for example, UN officials blocked the roads into Élisabethville, fearful of the 2,000-strong "honour guard" that was scheduled to march in upcoming parades. It mostly functioned as a recruitment office for foreign mercenaries, although such activities were illegal in France. [12] Cobalt mining by individual contractors is also prevalent. [8] Two months later, the local authorities impounded several railroad cars bearing equipment and supplies for use in ONUC operations and a number of Gurkha peacekeepers were wounded by unmarked land mines on the Katangese border. in, liste des préfixes OACI d'immatriculation des aéronefs, Découpage territorial : Moïse Katumbi heureux « d’avoir laissé un Katanga magnifique », Carte des districts et des territoires du Katanga, Provinces de la République démocratique du Congo, Portail de la république démocratique du Congo, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katanga&oldid=172766871, Ancienne province de la république démocratique du Congo, Article géolocalisé en République démocratique du Congo, Portail:République démocratique du Congo/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. Factional strife also began to engulf the struggling regime. "Letters from Niemba: Irish troops in the Congo, 1960". Ils s'occupèrent du commerce et se marièrent avec des princes locaux [réf. Cette situation engendra des déplacements massifs des Kasaïens et la perte de leurs emplois. If such an incident had been allowed to take place, it would clearly have been considered a violation of the ONUC's vows to remain neutral in internal issues besides taking proper action to prevent a major conflict. C'est une monnaie d'échange alors à peine moins précieuse que l'ivoire. It was dissolved in 1963 following an invasion by United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) forces, and reintegrated with the rest of the country as Katanga Province. Ceux-ci combattront contre les troupes de Mobutu, mais aussi, et surtout, ils tiendront tête aux troupes des Nations unies de la fin de l'année 1960 jusqu'à la fin de la sécession, en janvier 1963, épaulés par un unique Fouga Magister rescapé de la force aérienne belge d'Afrique. souhaitée]. Le Katanga, à l'époque de son indépendance, avait pour code : À la suite d'un accord conclu en 1975 avec le régime du président Mobutu, le Shaba accueillit, sur un espace étendu de 100 000 km2 [Information douteuse] [réf. Les minorités ethniques sont les Bambote, les Zela, les Bayazi, les Ndembos, les Batabwas, les Kalwenas et les Hembas. There is some evidence that suggests the plane was shot down. He was dismissed from his position in October 1965. [citation needed], provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, "Katanga | province, Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Biggest Cities In The Democratic Republic Of The Congo", "Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede", "Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo: Article 2", The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Election of governors: definite results expected on 18 April, "Katanga: le budget 2011 s'élève à 396 milliards de Francs congolais", The State vs. the People: Governance, mining and the transitional regime in the Democratic Republic of Congo, "Congolese Militia Seizes UN Compound in Katanga's Lubumbashi", "An Independent Technical Report on the Material Assets of Katanga Mining Limited...", Katanga, or Shaba (province, Democratic Republic of the Congo) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia, English-speaking School of Lubumbashi (TESOL), "DR Congo eyes a greater share of its mineral riches", Rush and Ruin: The Devastating Mineral Trade in Southern Katanga, Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katanga_Province&oldid=974694408, Former provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966–2015), 1966 establishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2015 disestablishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles to be expanded from January 2018, Articles with empty sections from January 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 August 2020, at 13:15. The breakaway State of Katanga existed from 1960 to 1963. [8] Serious fighting soon broke out as President Tshombe began to incite both Katangese civilians and white mercenaries to attack UN forces after the ONUC dispatched elements of the nearly 5,000 man-strong 99th Indian Infantry Brigade into the capital. Upon the arrival of United Nations forces in the Congo, they were opposed to allowing ONUC freedom of movement in Katanga and insisted upon obstructing the peacekeeping effort. [7], In 1960, after the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then called Republic of the Congo) gained independence from Belgium, the UMHK, Moise Tshombe and Godefroid Munongo supported the secession of Katanga province from the Congo. Portugal and the Union of South Africa were openly hostile towards the operation from its conception, and maintained consistent opposition against any interference with the Katanga state.[8]. [citation needed], TESOL, the English Language School of Lubumbashi, is a secondary school that serves the expatriate community. The British, Belgian, and French governments became especially critical of 'peacekeeping operations' in Congo which would involve such interference in domestic affairs. The president wished that his agreement should be ratified by his national assembly before it could be considered binding; this misunderstanding quickly led to a collapse in relations with Congolese government of Prime Minister Cyrille Adoula. Despite suffering several attacks launched by Katanga's mercenary-piloted Air Force in support of the Gendarme unit, the troopers refused to surrender and during the ensuing fighting inflicted heavy casualties on the attacking forces. Britain and France remained neutral, the latter quietly hostile towards the very idea of peacekeeping in Congo. Tshombe fit alors appel à la fois à des mercenaires, dont Tony de Saint-Paul et l'ex-sous-lieutenant de l'armée française Bob Denard, ainsi qu'au planteur Belge Jean Schramme. In 1915, a deposit of pitchblende and other uranium minerals of a higher grade than had ever been found before anywhere in the world and higher than any found since were discovered at Shinkolobwe. The State of Katanga (French: État du Katanga; Swahili: Inchi Ya Katanga), also sometimes denoted as the Republic of Katanga, was a breakaway state that proclaimed its independence from Congo-Léopoldville on 11 July 1960 under Moise Tshombe, leader of the local Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga(CONAKAT) political party. Brussels had neither inspired nor engineered Moise Tshombe's scheme of Katangese secession, but provided technical, financial, and military aid in order to keep Katanga stable in terms of public order and domestic security. [citation needed], Katanga province has the highest rate of infant mortality in the world, with 184 of 1000 babies born expected to die before the age of five. A l’Est : Les Provinces du Haut-Lomami et du Haut-Katanga ; A l’Ouest : La République d’Angola ; Au Sud : La République d’Angola et la République de Zambie. Jean Lartéguy, « les Chimères Noires, les Centurions au Katanga », Presses Pocket, 1967. U Thant also called for a slow reduction of military presence, in case a second secession was attempted by fanatics or diehards. Les différentes ethnies de la province sont le plus souvent mélangées, à cause des différentes migrations au cours des derniers siècles (conquêtes, exil, industrialisation). The first such personnel, largely Swedish forces, entered Élisabethville, the Katangese capital city, on 12 August 1960. En 1966, le gouvernement congolais nationalisa l'Union Minière du Haut Katanga [réf. As late as 1963, several of these soldiers of fortune were still at large, having shed their military uniforms for civilian dress. The discovery was kept secret by UMHK. », À l'issue de cette conférence présidée par Mgr Laurent Mossengo, Étienne Tshisekedi, un Luba de la région du Kasaï, est nommé Premier ministre. Following these incidents, U Thant suspended further military operations while Belgian and British officials opened up discussions with Tshombe and attempted to talk him into capitulating. The frustrated United Nations went on to adopt a new plan, one that called for the adoption of a federal constitution in Congo within thirty days, an end to the illegal Katangese rebellion, the unification of currency, and the sharing of mining revenues on a fifty-fifty split between Katanga and the central government. [4] As 33.7% of the revenue of the Congo came from the sale of the copper mined in Katanga, ownership of the company was an important consideration for the leaders the Congolese Independence movement while the Belgian government was most reluctant to give up its share in the UMHK, and did not finally do so until 1967. However, it was ultimately interpreted by the local UN forces to justify military operations in ending the secession of Katanga. After the fall of Jadotville, several controversial incidents occurred involving UN forces and innocent civilians. [4], In the 1890s, the province was beleaguered from the south by Cecil Rhodes' Northern Rhodesia, and from the north by the Belgian Congo, the personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium. Sous le contrôle belge à partir de 1884, les ressources minérales furent intensément exploitées par des entreprises européennes et belges en particulier (essentiellement l'Union minière du Haut Katanga). [28] In New York Struelens called a press conference to say: "When the UN says it has committed no atrocities in Katanga, I distribute pictures of atrocities and so give proof of the bloody mess of the UN in Katanga". Les Bantous arrivèrent au seuil de notre ère et formèrent une myriade de tribus (luba, tabwe, lunda, minungu, hemba, holoholo, etc. This led to the assassination of Lumumba and the Katanga Crisis (or "Congo Crisis"), which lasted from 1960 to 1965. Leurs équipements hétéroclites, leurs vêtements improvisés et leurs visages souvent dévorés de barbes, les feront surnommer les « affreux » par la population belge qui était restée sur place. On 29 January, the Secretary-General's office stated that most UN action in the former state would be limited to economics and that a substantially reduced force would be maintained to keep order. Le symbole par excellence du Katanga était alors le cuivre. Selon les légendes les premiers habitants seraient des Pygmées. [8], In 2005, the new constitution specified that Katanga was to be split up into separately administered provinces. [8], In June, President Tshombe was arrested after attending the Coquilhatville Conference of Congo Leaders, the day he was about to board a plane back to his country. Le Katanga était la province la plus méridionale de la république démocratique du Congo. Consulter les données. souhaitée], nommé Shaba Nord, le développement du programme balistique zaïrois de la société civile allemande OTRAG. [28] As Katanga happened to possess most of the Congo's mineral wealth, it was realized that Adoula government could not economically function if Katanga were allowed to secede, causing Kennedy to come down on the side of Congolese unity. An eight-day battle was waged in the city, resulting in the deaths of 11 UN personnel. [21], The Congo Railway provides Katanga Province with limited railway service centered on Lubumbashi. [13][14], Lubumbashi, the mining capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, is a hub for many of the country's biggest mining companies. In: Church, State and Colonialism in Southeastern Congo, 1890–1962. Several were the heads of a para commando training program in Katanga. [16], Though the United States refused to recognize Katanga, Struelens was able to persuade much of the American right to support Katanga. Une partie de la province connaît un climat tropical humide avec une saison sèche et froide qui dure deux à cinq mois selon la région et l'autre partie un climat tempéré avec une température qui peut descendre jusqu'à −3 °C. They were held as prisoners of war for approximately one month. Thant, who had become increasingly incensed by what he regarded as the Katangese state stalling for time, imposed economic sanctions. Il fut abattu par le colonel belge Bodson venu négocier au nom de la campagne anti-esclavagiste de l'État indépendant du Congo et qui, menacé par des guerriers de Wasanga, riposta en tuant le chef esclavagiste, mais en y laissant aussi la vie tout en ouvrant, d'un coup, le Katanga à la colonisation. [4], When the Belgian Congo received independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960, it was already wracked by ethnic factionalism and political tension. Située dans le sud-est de la RDC et entièrement dans l'hémisphère austral, la province du Katanga occupe la deuxième position parmi les provinces du pays par sa superficie (la plus grande province étant la province Orientale). The province also bordered Tanzania – although Katanga province and Tanzania did not share a land border – but the border was within Lake Tanganyika. Les groupes dominants sont les Lubas, les Arunds (regroupant les Lundas, les Tchokwés, les Luenas, les Ndembos, les Minungus), les Sangas, les Bembas et les Lambas. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Katanga&oldid=977668691, Separatism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, States and territories established in 1960, Articles needing additional references from July 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Swahili-language text, Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017, Articles needing additional references from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Larmer, Miles and Kennes, Erik (2014) "Rethinking the Katangese Secession" in, This page was last edited on 10 September 2020, at 07:04. [8] Among UN member states, sentiments towards Katanga were generally mixed. [8] They called for an immediate ceasefire. Smaller battles were fought against ANC units attacking from other provinces, as well. But by 27 December, the firing on both sides had not ceased; UN officers notified the National Assembly that they would take all necessary action in self-defense unless a ceasefire was observed immediately. Gerald-Libois, 'Katanga Secession,' 1966, 114. Two Belgian women in a car were killed at a road checkpoint after being fired upon by its Indian guards. De l’actuel Katanga naîtront quatre provincettes :le Tanganyika, le Haut-Lomami, le Haut-Katanga et le Lwalaba, Entièrement localisée dans l’hémisphère austral, l'ancienne province du Katanga subdivisé en quatre provinces était comprise entre 5° et 13° degrés de latitude Sud, soit près de 880 km du Nord au Sud et entre 22° et 31° degrés de longitude Est, soit près de 1000 km de l’Est à l’Ouest. On 24 December 1962, United Nations forces and Katangese Gendarmes clashed near a UNF observation post near Élisabethville. [8] The following day, hostilities reopened after 155 Irish soldiers protecting civilians in Jadotville were surrounded by a superior force of Gendarmes, including many Europeans. La province du Katanga a deux saisons (saison des pluies et saison sèche) et deux types de climats y règnent. In Brussels, a mission was headed by Jacques Masangu. Elle varie entre 19 et 25 °C dans l'ensemble de la province. Copper mining in Katanga dates back over 1,000 years, and mines in the region were producing standard-sized ingots of copper for international transport by the end of the 10th century CE. Although from January to February 1961, gestures were made to remove these 'illegal combatants' from the Congo, their places were quickly taken by a sizable force of nearly 500 British, Rhodesian, French, and South African irregulars. Katanga was also home to a disproportionately large white community of Belgian descent, as well as many Belgian expatriates who had invested heavily in the province. As UNF forces continued to be harassed by Gendarmerie, the political stalemate rapidly escalated into outright military tension. souhaitée]) apparentées mais souvent antagonistes [réf. Lumumba demanded that Belgium remove its troops immediately, threatening to seek help from the Soviet Union if they did not leave within two days. [1], Katanga's area encompassed 497,000 square kilometres (49,700,000 ha). Densité. La province connut l'arrivée de quelques dizaines de milliers de colons. No longer able to take the increasing violence in Katanga, the ONUC commanders finally agreed to a new plan which would remove the Katangese government from power. Katangese forces demolished the bridges over the Lufira River to prevent them from proceeding, but the latter was able to cross using debris, despite light resistance and sporadic sniper fire. L'armée nationale fut incapable de tenir le choc. [6] By the start of World War II, the mining companies "constituted a state within the Belgian Congo". While the Gendarmes were armed with automatic rifles, heavy machine guns, mortars, and Greyhound armored cars, the vast majority of UN troopers used antiquated rifles and civilian vehicles plated with only makeshift protection. Starting in March 1960, the UMHK began to financially support CONAKAT and bribed the party leader, Moïse Tshombe, into advocating policies that were favorable to the company. [20], In Lubumbashi, French, Belgian, and Greek schools are sponsored by the respective embassies. souhaitée], sous le nom de Gécamines. Les forces militaires sous l'égide des Nations unies menèrent une campagne de deux ans pour réintégrer le Katanga au Congo, opération conclue par un plan de réconciliation nationale en janvier 1963. On 9 August, Security Council Resolution 146 mentioned Katanga for the first time and explicitly allowed UN forces to enter Katanga whilst forbidding their use to 'intervene in or influence the outcome of any internal conflict. Chaque tribu ayant son secteur économique. [6] Katangese Minister of Interior Munongo denied them permission to land at the airport and radioed that while Kasa-Vubu could visit Katanga if he wished, Lumumba was not allowed to enter the territory. A number of other university-level institutions exist in Lubumbashi, some public, some private: Institut Supérieur de Statistique, Institut Supérieur Pédagogique, Institut Supérieur des Études Sociales, Institut Supérieur de Commerce, Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales (all state-run), Université Protestante de Lubumbashi (Korean Presbyterian), Institut Supérieur Maria Malkia (Catholic), Institut Supérieur de Développement Mgr Mulolwa (Catholique), Theologicum St François de Sales (Salesian seminary), Institut Supérieur de Théologie Évangélique de Lubumbashi (Pentecostal/Anglican/Brethren), etc. The new Katangese state did not enjoy full support throughout the province and was constantly plagued by ethnic strife in its northernmost region. Le Zaïre demanda l'aide des États-Unis, de la France, du Maroc et de la Belgique pour restaurer l'ordre. Almost all the aircraft of the Force Publique had been transferred to Kamina,[clarification needed] then requisitioned by Katanga. [10][11], Copper mining is an important part of the economy of Katanga province. This called upon Belgium to remove its military personnel from the Congo and for the UN to provide 'military assistance' to the Congolese forces to allow them 'to meet fully their tasks'. Les sécessionnistes bénéficient également du soutien des réseaux de Jacques Foccart, le « monsieur Afrique » de l’Élysée[5]. [réf. L'Est (Manono) et le Sud (Lubumbashi, Kolwezi) de la province renferment de très riches gisements de cobalt, cuivre, fer, radium, uranium, et diamant. On 20 December, the American State Department announced it would be sending a US military mission to Katanga, a move that was severely criticised by white and black Katangese alike. [2][3], Copper mining in Katanga dates back over 1,000 years, and mines in the region were producing standard-sized ingots of copper for international transport by the end of the 10th century CE. He was held under house arrest and charged with inciting revolt against the Congolese government, the illegal seizure of arms and aircraft, and printing counterfeit money by issuing a Katangese currency. Rainfall is about 1,200 mm (49 in).[19]. On December 19, an exasperated Tshombe withdrew from ongoing negotiations in protest. From 'infant independence' to gold-plated Cadillacs, every squeak of the Negro wheel has brought forth a new application of golden 'grease' in the effort to appease the unappeasable black revolution". Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914. Au 1er janvier 1956 la province comptait 1 496 728 Africains et 31 193 Européens[4]. This article is about the breakaway state that existed from 1960 to 1963. Because the Congolese army had been in disarray, Lumumba wanted to use the UN peacekeepers to subdue Katanga by force. À la fin du XIXe siècle, un commerçant caravanier de Tanzanie, M'Siri, devenu beau fils d'un souverain local Wasanga appelé Katanga[3], fonda un éphémère royaume, le Garangeza, qui s'étendait entre la Lualaba et la Luapula et durera jusqu'à sa mort, lors de la prise de possession du territoire par les Belges en 1891.